{"id":135,"date":"2026-09-26T11:02:44","date_gmt":"2026-09-26T11:02:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/powertechguide.com\/?p=135"},"modified":"2026-10-19T12:05:58","modified_gmt":"2026-10-19T12:05:58","slug":"pcb-trace-width-current-calculation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/powertechguide.com\/ko\/pcb-trace-width-current-calculation\/","title":{"rendered":"PCB Trace Width and Current Calculation: A Practical Guide"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"135\" class=\"elementor elementor-135\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dc91dd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5dc91dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66332659 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66332659\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>When designing a PCB, one of the most common questions is:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>How wide should a PCB trace be for a given current?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Can a 0.25 mm trace carry 1 A?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Is a 0.5 mm trace enough for 2 A?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>How wide should a 5 A power trace be?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Does 2 oz copper allow a narrower trace than 1 oz copper?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>There is no single answer.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>PCB trace current capability depends on several factors, including:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Current<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Trace width<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Copper thickness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Internal vs. external layer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Allowable temperature rise<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Trace length<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Nearby copper planes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>PCB material and thermal environment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>IPC-2152 provides guidance for relating conductor size, current, temperature rise, copper weight, and PCB construction.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>1. Why Trace Width Matters<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A PCB trace is essentially a copper conductor.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Like any conductor, it has resistance.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A simplified equation is:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"\" width=\"97\" height=\"43\" \/><\/p>\n<p>where:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 <img decoding=\"async\" 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0gE9ddeFlZUVRCIR9uzZg8zMTBw4cAAdHR3CMI6pqSmmTp2KwsJCrFu3DpmZmUhLS8O8efO09t3e3h67d+9Gfn4+XnvtNSQmJiInJwcpKSlYtmwZmpqaIBKJEBUVBaVSienTpyM6Oho5OTnIzMzE5s2bsXLlyj73pydOTk5Yv349jhw5gjlz5iAjIwM5OTnIyMhASEgIEhIShF104ufnBy8vL+zcuRNhYWHIzMxERkYG\/P39wbKs1kSyqakpRo8ejfz8fMTHxyM5ORmFhYW8GGqIEd7OGkwlIiJC6xZ9X2XKlCnkzp07WuM87aLRaEhiYiKRyWSEYRjyzjvvkPb29j5v97a2tpJNmzYRc3NzwjAMcXNzI7m5ueRvf\/ub1u13jUZD\/vd\/\/5d4e3sTiURCGIYh9vb25JNPPiFtbW1cXHl5OVm4cCEXY25uTnx8fEheXh7RaDRa+\/B4Ed4yZ1mWPHr0iBw7doxMnjyZO8ajRo0i4eHh5Pr161xcb48MsCxLwsLCtMZtbW0l27ZtI7a2toRhGDJ+\/HiSkJBAzp07R2QyGe+WOcuy5NatW8TX15cwDENkMhnJz8\/\/r7ZLy+AoQ+b7dKjn36VLlzBv3jxERUVhzZo1wmbqOTGoL6+o35YLFy5ArVZjwoQJwibqOUKTDjUo3L59G4mJiXBycqJJ5zlHL68ovWpqakJERAQcHR0xefJkGBkZ4dKlS0hNTQXLsvj73\/+O2bNnC7tRzxGadCi96ujowF\/\/+ldkZ2dzX7JvamqKoKAgrFu3Dg4ODsIu1HOGJh2KovSKzulQFKVXNOlQFKVXNOlQFKVXNOlQFKVXNOlQFKVXNOlQFKVXNOlQFKVXNOlQFKVXNOlQFKVXz03SIYRAoVDw1k2iKGrweW6SzsWLF\/Hyyy\/j22+\/FTZRFDWIPBdJR6VS4W9\/+xv33cMURQ1ez0XS+fe\/\/42TJ08CXV\/gTT1\/qqqq4OLigk2bNvX65e3PQvd69t3rr1P9G\/JJp7m5GV988QW3zlVvKyZQQ5tGoxnQVSmoZ2dIJ53u9aMmT56MBQsWAADu379PJ5OHsLy8PCxevBhNTU28+pdffhnXr1\/Hnj17tFbMoIaWIZ10qqqqcPLkSaxZs4ZbTI6uXz20VVRUoKqqCr\/88ouwiXpODNmko9FosGfPHoSEhMDe3h4SiQSgZzoUNeg9UdJJT0+Hp6cnpFIpPD09kZ6eLgzRm4KCAiiVSixevBjoWvAOANrb25\/ptX9VVRWCg4Mhk8kglUohk8nw8ccfQ61Wo6OjA4GBgVi9ejUKCgrw6quvQiqVIjc3t8\/+wcHBuHHjBm87AFBUVAQ\/Pz9YWFhAKpXCxcWFt0Low4cPsWPHDowfPx5SqRQWFhYIDQ1FS0sLb5y+9LcNAGhsbERkZCS3zy4uLkhOTtb6OXR2diI7OxvTpk3j1ovvHu+nn36CtbU1duzYAblcDmdnZ0ilUqxevRroY8JWpVIhKSkJbm5u3Jhubm49bj82Nhaurq6ora3Fvn37MGbMGG4f8vLyeCuOEkLw448\/ar124cqkT6KtrQ2ffPIJ7+excuVKNDY28uK697O0tBShoaG84wAdj\/fT2P8BI1wIq7eSmpqqtbgdwzAkNTVVK\/Zpl6amJuLr60tOnTrF1eXm5hKGYYiVlRW5fPmyVp\/eSnR0tNZrEhY\/Pz\/S0tKi1VdYsrKyiEQiIc7OzuTAgQMkMzOTHDhwgERERJCWlhZu8b0pU6aQZcuWkVu3bvH6Z2dnE3Nzc17\/Xbt2EWtra2Jra0vOnz\/PxZ46dYpIpVLy5ptvkq+++oocPXqUBAUFkdjYWMKyLGlrayOLFy8m1tbWJC4ujhvLy8tL5wXo+tsGy7KkpqaGvPLKK2TcuHHcPq9Zs4YwDEM2btzILfKnUqnI2rVrCcMwZP78+eTo0aMkMzOTbNy4kSQmJpLm5mZy\/PhxEhoaSmxtbcmhQ4dIZmYmKSoqIizLErlcTpydnXkL8SkUChIUFEQYhiGrVq3i9nH+\/PmEYRiydu1aolKpuPjo6GgyduxYEhQUxL2mlJQU4uzsTCwsLMi5c+e42JKSEmJlZcXt69GjR8m0adOIRCIh3377LRfX0371VsLCwoi1tTXZtWsXyczMJNu3bycSiYTMnz+f9\/sVHR1NbG1tib+\/Pzl58iRvoURdj7eu+\/8sis5Jx93dXevNyDAMcXd314p92iU2NpasXbuWqNVqrq6kpITIZLJeV3zsrbS0tBC5XN5naWpq6neFzCtXrpAxY8aQwMBAolAotNq7t+Xn50dsbW1JWVkZr622tpZMnDixx\/7dv2gLFizgVvSMiIggjo6OvMSl0WjIw4cPCcuy5PLly8TKyors3r2bN5ZKpSKPHj3i1fVW+tuGWq0mERERxNXVlVRXV\/Ni9uzZQ+zs7Eh5eTlhWZYkJSURsVhMYmJi+jyWPa00yvby5o6OjiYSiYRkZWXxYjUaDYmJiSESiYTk5eXx4ntKRvn5+cTCwoJs2LCBqystLSVZWVm8fa2qqiJjx44loaGhXH1P+9VbOXjwIKmvr+f+r9FoyNatW4lMJiPFxcVcffd+JiQk8Po\/yfHWdf+fRdH58qqqqkpYBfRR\/7RUV1fjyJEjeOONN3Dv3j1uTfP79+8DXafbzc3Nwm69MjMzg6WlZZ\/F3NwcBgYGwq48ubm5YFkWn3\/+OcRisbCZx9nZGaNGjeLVnTt3DjU1NXj\/\/fe1+o8aNQrLli3D+fPncfPmTQCAjY0N7t69i6KiIu502cDAAMOHDwcAMAwDsViM77\/\/HkqlkhvL2NgYhoaG3P\/70t825HI5Tp48iUWLFsHOzo7rZ2BggFmzZkGtVqOmpgYdHR3IysrCrFmz8N577\/V7LHXx4MED5OTkwMvLCz4+Prw2AwMDLFmyBDY2NsjJyeG1iUQirFixAsbGxlzd+PHjYW9vD4VCwb1OFxcX\/PGPf+Ttq6WlJRwdHdHQ0ICHDx9y9bpatWoVRo4cyf3fwMAAnp6eUKlUWpdYIpEI7u7uvDpdjzee0v4PFJ2TTvfdIaHe6p8GlmVx4MABNDQ0YO3atfDx8eHKmjVroFKpuDh9q6qqwtixY7m5pb7Y2trCzMyMV1dfXw+ZTIaXXnqJV9\/NyckJ7e3tuHv3LgBg2bJlmDJlCt59911MmTIFR44c4f0i2dnZYf369SgsLMS4ceOwevVqVFVV8a7nu+dRuudCpFIprK2t8dNPP+m0jZaWFrS2tiImJoY3hlQqxezZs6FSqVBZWYm2tjbcunULkyZNgkgk4vr\/Gmq1Gvfu3et1TIlEAjs7O9TV1fH22cLCQutnZGJiAgsLC603o1wux\/79+7Fy5UpMmjQJ48ePR0FBAa\/vk9BoNDhz5gz+9Kc\/wdvbG87Ozli6dKkwDAAg7ZrPe5yux7vbQO\/\/QNE56URERAirgD7qn4bi4mKUlpbi\/PnzKCsr45Xvv\/8eY8aMAQDege9PbGys1g9QWAIDA9HR0SHsqsXExESnZ0iMjIx+9V97Gxsb\/Pvf\/0ZOTg5Gjx6NNWvWwM3NDZcvXwa6\/vqtWrUKlZWV2LhxI06dOgVPT0989NFH3ISji4sLLl++jIqKCq5cvnwZLi4uOm2jW0REBNLS0nos\/v7+XFxPyWEwIoRg\/\/79cHV1RXx8PH73u99hzZo12LdvH1xdXYXhOrl9+zZmzpyJxYsXo6KiAq+99ho+\/fRTbNmyRRgKABg2bFivZ6T9He+nsf8DSeekExISgri4OO7MxtHREXFxcQgJCRGGPhUdHR3Ys2cPPvjgA4wYMULYDDMzM9jY2ABdd0l0FRYWxnvT9VTS09Nhamoq7MojFotRVVX1X3\/2y8bGBk1NTdzlk1BlZSWkUinvsszQ0BAzZsxAdnY28vPzIRKJsHXrVl6CNDc3x+bNm1FaWoqPPvoIqampOHXqFNB1qSWTyXiXkjKZjHfp0dc2TExMYGJiApFIhAULFvRYHB0dYWxsjBdeeAFFRUUD9jiDiYkJfv\/73+PSpUvcGe7jWlpaUFdXB0dHx35\/dkINDQ1ISkrCW2+9hZ9++gkJCQlYtWoV5s6dq3WGqqvMzEzU1tbi5MmTOH78OHbs2IFFixbByclJGNorXY\/309j\/gaRz0kFX4iksLIRSqURhYaHeEg4AfPXVVxCJRPD29hY2aenp9nJvBmpOJygoCB0dHUhISNC6VasLDw8PWFlZ4YsvvtD6KMft27fx97\/\/HR4eHty1vPDNO2HCBHh6enLPKbEsy7vMFIlECAgIgEgk4i7R+tPfNuzs7DBp0iRkZmairq6OF\/s4c3NzzJ8\/H9999x33Gbm+PHjwAPfu3RNW87z44ovw8\/PD2bNn8Z\/\/\/IfXRgjBsWPH0NDQwDvT0pVCoYBSqYS9vT0vAZeVleHixYu8WF1VV1dDKpXC0tKSq9NoNMjKyuLF9UXX4\/009n8gGW7fvv0TYeVgoVar0djYiEOHDuGTTz7B9OnT4eHhAVNTU14SaGlpwYMHD3Dy5EnU1tbCxsYGU6dOhaGhITfp+bTZ2tpi+PDhiIuLQ25uLoyMjFBbW4t\/\/vOf+PLLLzFjxgwAwNdffw2JRILAwEBe\/xdffBGjRo3Cvn37cOzYMRgaGqK+vh4nTpxAeHg4zMzMcOjQIVhYWAAA1q1bh9TUVBgYGODGjRv4+uuvkZ6ejhUrVsDX1xdXrlxBUFAQWlpa0NzcjLKyMnz22WfQaDTYsmULpFIpb\/s96W8bxsbGcHBwwOHDh3Ho0CF0dnaiubkZ5eXlSE9Px5EjR+Dt7Y3hw4dj4sSJuHjxImJjY1FbW4tHjx6hoqICKSkpkMvlmDx5MgBAqVTi6NGjuH\/\/Pn755Rf88MMPmDJlCtrb25GRkYHJkyfD09MTAODm5qY1Znl5ObZu3YrDhw9j+\/btCA4O5n5XCgsLcenSJYSEhOCFF17gXqdGo8HXX38NAFiyZAnEYjG+++47HD9+HJ2dnbh37x6+\/vprxMXFwczMDGKxGEuWLMHw4cN73K+ePHz4EP\/4xz9QVlYGIyMjXL16FevXr8fPP\/+M27dvY\/HixRg3bhzQx37qeryfZP+fCeHtrMFUNmzYoHWL3tXVldy5c4eLuXPnDnF1ddWKYxiGBAYGktbWVq1xn1Z59OgROXbsGPHw8OD2wcXFhSQmJhK1Ws3dMg8LC9Pq210uXLhA5s6dSyQSCWEYhtja2pLNmzeTxsZGXlxGRgZxcXHhbSc9PZ27FSyXy8nSpUuJubk5YRiGmJubk2XLlpHr169rbbO30t82ukt5eTlZuHAht8\/m5ubEx8eH5OXl8W7NKpVKsnXrVmJvb08YhiESiYR4e3tzz+KwXbf0u59fYRiGfPLJJ4Tt49Z0a2sr2bVrFzcmwzBk1qxZWttm+7gd3\/1zefx5rMrKSuLr68uNuXjxYlJaWqoV19t+CYtKpSKxsbHE1taWMAxDxo4dSw4dOkRycnIIwzDkxIkT\/e5nd9HleOu6\/8+i0LXMKYrSqyea06Eoivq1aNKhKEqvaNKhKEqvaNKhKEqvaNKhKEqvaNKhKEqvaNKhKEqvaNKhKEqvaNKhKEqvaNKhKEqv\/h8\/B1bVz6qfMwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"\" width=\"181\" height=\"83\" \/><\/p>\n<p>For a rectangular PCB trace:<\/p>\n<p><span data-math-source=\"A=W\\times T\" data-math-display=\"true\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <b>A=W x T<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p>where:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span data-math-source=\"W\" data-math-display=\"false\">W<\/span>\u00a0= trace width<\/li>\n<li><span data-math-source=\"T\" data-math-display=\"false\">T<\/span>\u00a0= copper thickness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Therefore:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>Wider trace \u2192 lower resistance<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>Thicker copper \u2192 lower resistance<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>Longer trace \u2192 higher resistance<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>2. Voltage Drop<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Trace resistance creates voltage drop.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The basic equation is<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"\" width=\"127\" height=\"25\" \/><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For example, if:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<strong>I = 2A<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>and:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>R=0.05\u03a9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>then:\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>VDROP = 2\u00d70.05V<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>VDROP = 0.1V<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>If your power rail is 5 V, the load may receive approximately:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<strong>5\u22120.1 = 4.9V<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>This may be acceptable\u2014or it may be significant depending on the circuit.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>3. Trace Heating<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>There is another important issue:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>Heat.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The power dissipated in the trace is:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" style=\"font-size: 1rem;\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"25\" \/><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 I = 3A<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>and:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 R = 0.05\u03a9<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Then:\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 P = 32\u00d70.05<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 P = 0.45W<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>That 0.45 W is dissipated as heat in the PCB trace.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Therefore, trace width is not simply a matter of whether the copper will &#8220;carry&#8221; the current.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>You also need to determine whether the resulting temperature rise is acceptable.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>IPC guidance uses allowable temperature rise as an important part of conductor sizing.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>4. Copper Thickness<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>PCB copper thickness is commonly specified by copper weight.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Typical values include:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>0.5 oz<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>1 oz<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>2 oz<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>3 oz<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For reference, 1 oz copper is approximately <strong>35 \u00b5m<\/strong> thick, while 2 oz copper is approximately <strong>70 \u00b5m<\/strong>. TI documentation gives approximately 1.4 mil for 1 oz and 2.8 mil for 2 oz copper.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A thicker copper layer provides more cross-sectional area.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Therefore:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>For the same trace width, thicker copper can carry more current with less resistance and heating.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>5. 1 oz vs 2 oz Copper<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Consider two traces:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Trace A<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Width = 1 mm<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Copper = 1 oz<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Trace B<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Width = 1 mm<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Copper = 2 oz<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Trace B has approximately twice the copper thickness.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Therefore, its copper cross-sectional area is approximately twice as large.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>This can reduce resistance and improve current-carrying capability.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>However, this does <strong>not<\/strong> mean:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>&#8220;2 oz copper allows exactly twice the current in every situation.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The actual thermal behavior depends on the PCB construction and environment.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>IPC-2152 considers additional factors such as PCB thickness, nearby planes, thermal conductivity, copper weight, and internal versus external traces.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>6. External vs Internal Trace<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A trace on the outside layer and a trace buried inside a multilayer PCB do not necessarily have the same thermal behavior.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>An external trace has more opportunity to transfer heat to the surrounding environment.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>An internal trace is surrounded by PCB material and adjacent copper structures.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Therefore:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>External trace \u2260 Internal trace<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>when calculating current capability.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>This is one reason why simple online trace-width tables should be treated as estimates rather than universal limits.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>7. Example: 1 A Power Trace<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s consider a simple example.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Suppose:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>Current = 1 A<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>Copper = 1 oz<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>Allowable temperature rise = 10\u00b0C<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A published IPC-2152-based example table gives approximately <strong>10 mil<\/strong> trace width for 1 A under a particular set of assumptions.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>10 mil is approximately:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>\u00a0 10mil\u00d70.025410\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 = 0.254mm<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>So we can say:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Under those specific assumptions, approximately 0.25 mm is an example starting point for 1 A.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>But this should <strong>not<\/strong> be interpreted as:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>&#8220;0.25 mm PCB trace always carries 1 A.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The actual design still needs to consider voltage drop, trace length, PCB construction, temperature, and reliability requirements.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>8. Example: 2 A<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The same published example table for 1 oz copper and a 10\u00b0C temperature-rise target gives approximately <strong>30 mil<\/strong> for 2 A.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Convert:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0<strong> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a030mil\u00d70.025430<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0= 0.762mm<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>So approximately:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 2 A \u2192 0.76 mm<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>under those particular assumptions.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Notice something important:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Doubling the current did <strong>not<\/strong> simply double the required width.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>This is because trace heating depends on:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" style=\"font-size: 1rem;\" src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFwAAAAfCAYAAABqI6qaAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAAEnQAABJ0Ad5mH3gAAAbGSURBVGhD7ZhdSJNtGMf\/0\/WFPdNhqKUsMFMUMubckohawVZSB3WU5kGsDwTxwOrISDoI7KAPEaFBgWUfDiw6WaB0YkFoWK7FNM1M2MrcWi63pps+z7reg9et7Xmm0TLZ+7YfXCf3\/3pueK77vu7rum8Rx3GEBMtGEn8gwZ8lEfBlJhHwZSYRcABEBJvNhqdPn8LpdILoz5W1vz7gHo8HJ0+eRGtrK7q7u6FUKnHixAl4PB6+65Ig+tu7lHPnziE3Nxc6nQ4ikQi9vb04ePAgjh07hsbGRohEIv4nv8VfvcOnp6dhNptx\/vx5DA4OAgAKCwtRVFSEJ0+ewOVy8T\/5bf7qgKekpODo0aM4fvw4ZDIZAEAsFmP16tV81yUj4kghIrx48QITExORXjxWrVqFrVu3Iisra8lTbil5+\/YthoeH+cMAgPT0dJSVlUEsFkeMDw0Noby8HJWVlQseKZOTk3j+\/Dk4juNLIdLT0yGXy5GSkhIxHhFwv9+PhoYGdHV1weFwgGVZJCUlISsrC0lJP5LB5XJhZmYGcrkc169fR15eXkiLJy5evIj29nZ4vV5MTU0BANLS0rB27Vrs27cPFy5ciNjNLMuirq4Ob968wd27d5GdnR022w96e3tRU1MDr9eLL1++AGHzBgnGqLS0FHq9\/keMOI4jvvn9fqqqqiKGYejMmTMCfXZ2lq5du0YMw5BCoSCr1SrwiSe7ceMGMQxDRUVFZLPZBDrHccSyLF25coX27t1L4+PjAj2aPXv2jKRSKclkMhocHBTM19HRQampqZSTk0Mmk4k4jqOoZ7jb7cbIyAgAoLS0lC8jOTkZ+\/fvx4YNGzAyMoLHjx\/zXeIGIsLLly8BAHK5HBkZGXwXAIDRaMTAwAAMBgMyMzPh9XoRCAT4bhEMDQ2B4zgUFBQIskEkEkGr1UKlUsHtduPevXvAQkXTZrPBarVCKpWiuLiYLwMAvF4vfD4fML9A8YrL5YLJZAIAqNVqwZkNACaTCT09PWhuboZEIoHX68WlS5dC\/xcNIkJPTw8AoLi4OOI4CTI7Oxs6yoJ9fdSAm81m+Hw+bNy4EZmZmXwZADA2NoavX78CAAoKCvhy3PDx40dYrVaIxWIUFhbyZVgsFtTV1cHj8eDs2bOoq6vDqVOn4Ha7BQUvHJfLhYGBAQDAjh07+DIwH6OxsTEAQElJCRAt4OEpqFKpkJaWxncBx3Ho7OwE5tN027ZtfJe4wWQywefzIS8vD5s3b47QZmZm0NDQAIvFAoPBgLa2NrS1teHBgwdYt25d1A4lSHAhpVIp8vPz+TKICPfv38fc3Bx27dqFw4cP\/yvwC4HD4SClUkkMw5DBYBAUCo7j6OHDh5SamkqFhYX06tUrgR4vxrIsVVdXE8MwVFVVRX6\/X+ATqwULsUajoampqQjt27dv1NjYSBKJhCorKyOKsOBq\/\/r1a5SXlyM5ORkGgyGi5bPZbGhtbUVHRwfUajVaWloExWIhgq3UYr3rYhw5cgT19fX84UWZnJzEgQMHMDw8jKtXr0Kn0\/FdYoKIUFtbi\/b2dshkMuzevRuYP6f7+\/sxMTGBnTt3or6+HiUlJRGZIgj4zZs3cfr06aj9t1QqhVarRUVFBTZt2rRoyvEJBAJwuVw\/rfwLkZaW9ss3wODmYVkWRqMRZWVlfJeYCF9IvV4PtVoNzD8VtLS04Pbt2zh06BCampogkUgiPw5PhfAU1Ol0xLKsIJX+SxZMe6VSSQ6HQ6DHav39\/ZSRkRG1\/\/b5fFRRUUEMw5Berxd8G1E0w1uo7du3\/9IOjjfCi39+fj5SU1P5LjETLMTR+u8VK1aAYZiQH5+IgAf77zVr1oTamKUiEAjA6XTCbrfHZH6\/nz\/looRvHpVKFbX\/joWf9d\/T09P48OFDxFg4EQEP779zcnLCpd+mr68PWq0WGo0mJmtqauJPuSjh\/bdCoeDLMfOz\/tvpdGJ0dBRY6H4SPFvC30+qq6v\/N+f3li1b6NOnTwI9Vlvs\/YTjOOrq6iKGYYhhGLp8+TJx87E1Go1kt9spiWVZfP78GRaLBX19fQCA7OxsOBwOTE9P89cnrgkeW+Pj4+ju7gYA5OXlYW5uDk6nM+YOCfPPF3a7HZ2dneA4LvQ0zZ9XLBYLat+7d+9w69YtrFy5EqipqQmtCN9qamoEKxjP1tzcLPiHoC32UvgzM5vNtH79esGcDMNQQUEBvX\/\/PuTr8\/motraWGIahPXv20J07d0ij0dCjR4+Ii3bxSfD7BAIBjI6OYmBgAN+\/f4dCoUBubi4Q7eKT4M8ieLxK8GdJBHyZSQR8mfkHdMDjibN6rqYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\" alt=\"\" width=\"68\" height=\"23\" \/><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Current has a squared relationship with resistive heating.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>9. Example: 3 A<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The same example table gives approximately:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a03 A \u2192 50 mil<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Convert:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>50mil\u00d70.025450<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 = 1.27mm<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>So:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:table --><\/p>\n<figure>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Current<\/th>\n<th>Example width<\/th>\n<th>Approx. mm<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>1 A<\/td>\n<td>10 mil<\/td>\n<td>0.254 mm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2 A<\/td>\n<td>30 mil<\/td>\n<td>0.762 mm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3 A<\/td>\n<td>50 mil<\/td>\n<td>1.27 mm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4 A<\/td>\n<td>80 mil<\/td>\n<td>2.03 mm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5 A<\/td>\n<td>110 mil<\/td>\n<td>2.79 mm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<p><!-- \/wp:table --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>These values come from a particular IPC-2152-based example for <strong>1 oz copper and 10\u00b0C temperature rise<\/strong>. They are not universal design limits.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>This distinction is very important.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><!-- \/wp:separator --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>10. Why &#8220;Current Capacity&#8221; Tables Can Be Misleading<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>You may find a table online saying:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>1 mm trace \u2192 X amps<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>But without knowing the assumptions, that number isn&#8217;t very useful.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>You need to ask:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>What copper thickness?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>External or internal?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>What temperature rise?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>What PCB material?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>What trace length?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Is there a nearby copper plane?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>What ambient temperature?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Is the current continuous or intermittent?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Is voltage drop acceptable?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>IPC-2152 takes several of these physical factors into account.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>11. Voltage Drop Can Become the Real Limitation<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>This is an important practical engineering point.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Suppose a trace can thermally carry 5 A.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>That does <strong>not<\/strong> automatically mean it is suitable for your design.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Imagine:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 24 V supply<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a05 A load<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Long PCB trace<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The trace may stay within the desired temperature rise while still producing an undesirable voltage drop.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Therefore, there are actually two different questions:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Question 1<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Can the trace safely carry the current?<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Question 2<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Is the voltage drop acceptable?<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Both need to be checked.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>TI design guidance also notes that conductor sizing needs to consider voltage drop in addition to temperature rise.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>12. Practical Example: MCU Power<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Suppose an MCU requires:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a03.3 V \/ 300 mA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>This is relatively modest.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A typical PCB may use a relatively narrow power trace.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>But consider:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>Motor driver:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a024 V \/ 5 A<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>This is very different.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>You may need:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Much wider traces<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Larger copper area<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>2 oz copper<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Copper pours<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Multiple vias<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Shorter current paths<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Thermal considerations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Therefore, don&#8217;t use the same routing strategy for:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>MCU power<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>and<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>motor power.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>13. Copper Pour Can Help<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Instead of routing a narrow trace:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588<br \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588 POWER POUR \u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588<br \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>This can significantly increase the copper cross-sectional area and reduce resistance.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Power planes or pours can therefore be useful for higher-current PCB sections.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>However, the actual current distribution should still be analyzed, especially around bottlenecks, vias, neck-down regions, and connectors.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>14. Don&#8217;t Forget the Via<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>This is one of the most overlooked issues.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Suppose your power trace is:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a02 mm wide<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>but the current passes through one small via.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a02 mm TRACE<br \/>\u00a0 \u00a0\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550<br \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u2502<br \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u25cf VIA<br \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u2502<br \/>\u00a0 \u00a0\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The via may become the limiting point.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Therefore:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>The entire current path must be checked\u2014not just the trace width.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Check:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Trace<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Via<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pad<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Connector<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Plane<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Component lead<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>PCB copper<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A wide trace connected to an undersized via does not create a high-current path.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>15. Multiple Vias<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For higher-current connections between layers, multiple vias can be used.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0POWER PLANE<br \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550<br \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u25cf \u25cf \u25cf \u25cf<br \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550<br \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0POWER TRACE<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Multiple vias can reduce the effective resistance and distribute current.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The actual number and size should be determined from the current, PCB fabrication rules, thermal requirements, and reliability requirements.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>16. Trace Width and Signal Integrity<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Trace width isn&#8217;t only about current.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For high-speed signals, changing the trace geometry can affect impedance.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>USB<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ethernet<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>CAN<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>DDR<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>high-speed clocks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>RF signals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>may require controlled impedance.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>In these cases, simply making the trace &#8220;wider&#8221; is not necessarily better.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The designer needs to consider:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Trace width<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Copper thickness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Dielectric thickness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ground-plane distance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Differential spacing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>This is another reason PCB design should consider the entire stackup.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>17. Practical Rule for PCB Designers<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A useful engineering workflow is:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Step 1<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Determine maximum current.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Step 2<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Determine copper thickness.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Step 3<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Determine allowable temperature rise.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Step 4<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Calculate or estimate required trace width using appropriate IPC guidance.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Step 5<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Check voltage drop.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Step 6<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Check trace length.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Step 7<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Check vias and connectors.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Step 8<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Check thermal behavior.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Step 9<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Review the complete current path.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Step 10<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Prototype and measure when the design is important.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>18. Example: 24 V Industrial Controller<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Consider a controller PCB:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:image {\"id\":136,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} --><\/p>\n<figure>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/powertechguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-32.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><!-- \/wp:image --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The 24 V input may carry more current than the 3.3 V MCU rail.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Therefore, the PCB could use:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 24 V input<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u2192 wider copper<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 5 V power<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u2192 medium-width trace<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 3.3 V MCU<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u2192 narrower power trace<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 Digital signals<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u2192 routing based primarily on signal-integrity requirements<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>This is a much better approach than assigning one trace width to every net.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>19. PCB CAD Design Rules<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Modern PCB CAD tools allow different trace widths for different nets.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 POWER_24V \u2192 2.0 mm<br \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 POWER_5V \u2192 1.0 mm<br \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 POWER_3V3 \u2192 0.5 mm<br \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 MCU_SIGNAL \u2192 0.20 mm<br \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 HIGH_SPEED \u2192 calculated impedance<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>These values are only examples.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The actual values must be calculated from the specific design.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>In Autodesk Fusion, PCB design rules can be used to define different copper-width requirements for different nets.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>20. My Practical Engineering Approach<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For a small engineering project, I would divide PCB routing into three groups.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Group 1 \u2014 Power<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>24 V<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>12 V<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>5 V<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>3.3 V<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Motor power<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Focus on:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>Current + heating + voltage drop<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Group 2 \u2014 Normal signals<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>GPIO<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>LED<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Button<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Slow sensor signals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Focus on:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>Noise + routing + return path<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Group 3 \u2014 High-speed signals<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>USB<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ethernet<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>high-speed clocks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>fast differential signals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Focus on:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Impedance + return path + signal integrity<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>This classification makes PCB layout much easier to manage.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>21. Important Lesson<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>One of the biggest mistakes in PCB design is asking:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8220;How many amps can this trace carry?&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A better question is:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8220;What trace geometry gives me acceptable temperature rise, voltage drop, and reliability for this application?&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>That&#8217;s the engineering approach.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The trace needs to satisfy both:Thermal\u00a0Requirement\\boxed{\\text{Thermal Requirement}}<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>andElectrical\u00a0Requirement\\boxed{\\text{Electrical Requirement}}<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>while also considering:Manufacturing\u00a0Requirement\\boxed{\\text{Manufacturing Requirement}}<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>PCB Trace Width Checklist<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Before finalizing a PCB:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u2610 Maximum current determined<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u2610 Continuous vs peak current identified<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u2610 Copper thickness verified<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u2610 External\/internal layer identified<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u2610 Allowable temperature rise defined<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u2610 Trace width calculated<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u2610 Voltage drop checked<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u2610 Trace length checked<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u2610 Vias checked<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u2610 Connector current rating checked<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u2610 Copper pour\/plane considered<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u2610 Thermal conditions considered<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u2610 PCB manufacturer capability verified<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u2610 DRC rules configured<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>PCB trace width should never be selected from a single universal table.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The correct design depends on:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Current<\/strong><span style=\"background-color: transparent;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Copper thickness<\/strong><span style=\"background-color: transparent;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Temperature rise<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Voltage drop<\/strong><span style=\"background-color: transparent;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Trace length<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0PCB construction<\/strong><span style=\"background-color: transparent;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Vias and connections<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The IPC-2152 methodology is a useful starting point for relating these parameters, while actual product designs should also consider the complete thermal and electrical environment.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For a simple PCB, a conservative trace-width choice may be sufficient.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For an industrial controller, power supply, motor driver, battery system, or high-current product, however, the complete current path should be analyzed.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>A PCB trace is not just a line on the screen. It is an electrical conductor with resistance, inductance, heat, and voltage drop.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>That is the mindset that leads to reliable PCB design.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When designing a PCB, one of the most common questions is: How wide should a PCB trace be for a given current? For example: Can a 0.25 mm trace carry 1 A? Is a 0.5 mm trace enough for 2 A? How wide should a 5 A power trace be? Does 2 oz copper allow [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"postBodyCss":"","postBodyMargin":[],"postBodyPadding":[],"postBodyBackground":{"backgroundType":"classic","gradient":""},"page_builder":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[6,106],"tags":[47,49,46,27,45,48,22],"class_list":["post-135","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-electronics","category-read","tag-copper-thickness","tag-ipc-2152","tag-pcb-current","tag-pcb-design","tag-pcb-trace-width","tag-power-pcb","tag-voltage-drop"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"When designing a PCB, one of the most common questions is: How wide should a PCB trace be for a given current? 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For example: Can a 0.25 mm trace carry 1 A? Is a 0.5 mm trace enough for 2 A? How wide should a 5 A power trace be? Does 2 oz copper allow When designing a PCB, one of the most common questions is: How wide should a PCB trace be for a given current? For example: Can a 0.25 mm trace carry 1 A? Is a 0.5 mm trace enough for 2 A? How wide should a 5 A power trace be? 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