{"id":103,"date":"2026-09-25T01:46:27","date_gmt":"2026-09-25T01:46:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/powertechguide.com\/?p=103"},"modified":"2026-10-11T12:35:16","modified_gmt":"2026-10-11T12:35:16","slug":"pcb-power-supply-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/powertechguide.com\/ko\/pcb-power-supply-design\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Design a PCB Power Supply Section"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"103\" class=\"elementor elementor-103\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66808594 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"66808594\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16bcbb0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16bcbb0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A reliable PCB starts with a reliable power supply.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Many electronic circuits may appear to work correctly during normal operation but become unstable when the power supply is poorly designed.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Problems such as:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>MCU resets<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>communication errors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>unstable digital signals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>unexpected shutdowns<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Flash programming failures<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>excessive noise<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>component overheating<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>can all be related to power integrity.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For this reason, the power supply section should be treated as one of the most important parts of a PCB design.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>1. Basic PCB Power Architecture<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A typical controller PCB may have a power structure like this:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:image {\"id\":104,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} --><\/p>\n<figure>\u00a0 <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/powertechguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-4.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><!-- \/wp:image --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The exact architecture depends on the application.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A small battery-powered device may need only one regulator.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>An industrial controller may require several voltage rails.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>24 V \u2192 12 V \u2192 5 V \u2192 3.3 V<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>2. Start With the Input Voltage<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The first question should be:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>What voltage will the PCB receive?<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Examples include:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>3 V battery<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>5 V USB<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>9 V DC<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>12 V DC<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>24 V industrial power<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Automotive battery voltage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Do not design the regulator based only on the nominal voltage.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Consider the complete operating range.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Nominal input: 24 V<br \/>Minimum input: 18 V<br \/>Maximum input: 30 V<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The regulator must operate correctly throughout the expected range.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Transient conditions may also need to be considered depending on the application.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>3. Calculate the Required Current<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The next step is determining how much current the PCB requires.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Suppose the board contains:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:table --><\/p>\n<figure>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Circuit<\/th>\n<th>Voltage<\/th>\n<th>Current<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>MCU<\/td>\n<td>3.3 V<\/td>\n<td>80 mA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sensor<\/td>\n<td>3.3 V<\/td>\n<td>50 mA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>RS-485<\/td>\n<td>3.3 V<\/td>\n<td>40 mA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Memory<\/td>\n<td>3.3 V<\/td>\n<td>20 mA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>LEDs<\/td>\n<td>3.3 V<\/td>\n<td>30 mA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<p><!-- \/wp:table --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Total: I_TOTAL =80+50+40+20+30=220mA<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>But don&#8217;t automatically select a 220 mA regulator.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>You need operating margin.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For example: I_REGULATOR \u22651.5 \u00d7 I_TOTAL<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Then: I_REGULATOR \u2265 330mA<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The actual margin should be determined from the regulator, load profile, temperature, transient requirements, and application.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>4. Linear Regulator vs DC\/DC Converter<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>There are two common approaches.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>Linear Regulator<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Example:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:image {\"id\":105,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} --><\/p>\n<figure>\u00a0 <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/powertechguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-5.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><!-- \/wp:image --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Advantages:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Simple<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Low component count<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Low noise in many applications<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Easy to design<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Disadvantage:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Power is dissipated as heat.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For a linear regulator: P_LOSS = (VIN\u2212VOUT) x I<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Example:\u00a0 V_IN = 12V,\u00a0 V_OUT = 5V, I = 0.5A<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Then: P_LOSS= (12\u22125) \u00d7 0.5 = 3.5W<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>That&#8217;s a significant amount of heat for a small PCB.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>5. DC\/DC Converter<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A switching converter can be more appropriate when the voltage difference or load current is large.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:image {\"id\":106,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} --><\/p>\n<figure>\u00a0 <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/powertechguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-6.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><!-- \/wp:image --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A switching regulator can achieve high efficiency, but PCB layout becomes more important.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>You need to consider:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Switching node<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inductor placement<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Input capacitor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Output capacitor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ground return<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>High-current loop<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>EMI<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A poorly laid-out switching regulator can create noise even when the schematic is correct.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>6. Input Capacitor<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The input capacitor is normally placed close to the power-input pins of the regulator.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A simplified layout is:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:image {\"id\":107,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} --><\/p>\n<figure>\u00a0 <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/powertechguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-7.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><!-- \/wp:image --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The physical connection is important.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A long trace between the capacitor and regulator increases parasitic inductance and can reduce the effectiveness of the capacitor at high frequencies.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Therefore:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>Place critical bypass and input capacitors as close as practical to the associated device pins.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>7. Output Capacitor<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The output capacitor helps the regulator maintain a stable output and respond to load changes.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:image {\"id\":108,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} --><\/p>\n<figure>\u00a0 <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/powertechguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-8.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><!-- \/wp:image --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The correct capacitor value and type must come from the regulator manufacturer&#8217;s datasheet.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Don&#8217;t assume:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u201cA bigger capacitor is always better.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Some regulators have specific requirements for output capacitance and ESR.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Always check the recommended application circuit and stability requirements.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>8. Decoupling Capacitors<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Each digital IC may need local decoupling.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:image {\"id\":109,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} --><\/p>\n<figure>\u00a0 <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/powertechguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-9.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><!-- \/wp:image --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A common approach is to place a small ceramic capacitor close to each IC power pin.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The exact capacitor arrangement depends on the IC and datasheet.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>This is especially important for MCUs, memory devices, communication ICs, and other fast-switching digital devices.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>9. Why Power Stability Matters<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h4>Real-World Engineering Experience<\/h4>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">During the development of a main controller unit, I experienced an intermittent startup problem under unstable power-input conditions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The power reset signal was not stable enough during startup, and the controller sometimes failed to start correctly.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">I modified the power-reset circuit and changed the boot-control signal design so that the relevant signals had a defined logic state during power-up.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">This experience showed me that reliable digital operation starts with stable power and reset conditions.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>10. Power Trace Width<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Power traces should be designed according to:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Current<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Trace length<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Copper thickness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Allowable temperature rise<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>PCB manufacturer capability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For example, don&#8217;t automatically use the same trace width for: MCU signal<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>and 2 A power rail<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>They have very different electrical requirements.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Fusion allows designers to define copper-width rules and apply different minimum\/preferred widths through Design Rules and net classes.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>11. Power Trace Resistance<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The voltage drop can be approximated by: V_DROP= I \u00d7 R<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>And: R =\u03c1L \/ A<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>where:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>R = resistance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>\u03c1 = copper resistivity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>L = trace length<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>A = copper cross-sectional area<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Therefore:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>Longer trace \u2192 higher resistance<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>Narrower trace \u2192 higher resistance<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>Higher current \u2192 higher voltage drop<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>This becomes particularly important for:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Motors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Relays<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>LEDs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Heaters<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Solenoids<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Industrial controllers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Battery-powered systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>12. Ground Design<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Power design is not just about the positive voltage rail.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The return path is equally important.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A simplified system is:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:image {\"id\":110,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} --><\/p>\n<figure>\u00a0 <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/powertechguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-10.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><!-- \/wp:image --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>If the ground return path has excessive impedance, the voltage seen by the load can change when current changes.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For digital systems, this can contribute to:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ground bounce<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Noise<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Communication problems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Reset problems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>ADC errors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A PCB ground plane can help provide a lower-impedance return path, but its layout still needs to be considered carefully.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>13. Separate Noisy and Sensitive Sections<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A PCB may contain both:\u00a0<span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.75rem;\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.75rem;\">\u00a0 \u00a0Noisy circuits<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Switching regulator<\/li>\n<li>Motor driver<\/li>\n<li>Relay<\/li>\n<li>PWM<\/li>\n<li>High-current load<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>and:\u00a0<span style=\"background-color: transparent; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.75rem;\">\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.75rem;\">\u00a0 \u00a0Sensitive circuits<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>ADC<\/li>\n<li>Sensor<\/li>\n<li>Reference voltage<\/li>\n<li>Crystal oscillator<\/li>\n<li>Communication interface<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Don&#8217;t automatically place everything together.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A practical layout might look like:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:image {\"id\":111,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} --><\/p>\n<figure>\u00a0 <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/powertechguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-11.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><!-- \/wp:image --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The actual partition depends on the circuit.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The objective is to control current paths and noise coupling.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>14. Switching Regulator Layout<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>This is especially important.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Consider:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:image {\"id\":112,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} --><\/p>\n<figure>\u00a0 <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/powertechguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-12.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><!-- \/wp:image --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The high-current switching loop should generally be kept compact.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Long traces in high-frequency switching paths can increase parasitic effects and EMI.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Therefore:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>The switching regulator layout should follow the regulator manufacturer&#8217;s recommended PCB layout as closely as practical.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>This is one situation where reading the datasheet is more important than simply relying on CAD defaults.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>15. Use PCB Design Rules<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Before routing the board, establish design rules.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Important rules include:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Minimum trace width<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Preferred trace width<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Minimum clearance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Via diameter<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Drill size<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Board-edge clearance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Fusion&#8217;s current Design Rules system allows rules to be applied to copper width, clearance, via drill size and other PCB constraints, and DRC checks the completed board against those rules.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>This is much better than discovering manufacturing problems after routing is complete.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>16. Example: 24 V to 5 V Controller<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s put everything together.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Suppose we have:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>Input<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>24 V DC<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>Output<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>5 V DC<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>Load<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>500 mA<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Architecture:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:image {\"id\":113,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} --><\/p>\n<figure>\u00a0 <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/powertechguide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-13.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><!-- \/wp:image --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The design process becomes:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Step 1<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Determine input voltage range.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Step 2<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Calculate maximum load current.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Step 3<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Select regulator.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Step 4<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Select input\/output capacitors according to datasheet.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Step 5<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Design power and ground paths.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Step 6<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Place power components.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Step 7<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Route high-current\/switching paths.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Step 8<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Add local decoupling.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Step 9<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Run DRC.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Step 10<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Verify the PCB in 3D.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Step 11<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Build a prototype.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Step 12<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Measure actual voltage, current, temperature, and noise.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":1} --><\/p>\n<h2>17. Measure the Real PCB<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Simulation and DRC are not enough.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>After manufacturing the prototype, measure:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>DC voltage<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Check:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>VIN<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>5 V<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>3.3 V<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Current<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Measure: ITOTAL<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Regulator<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u2610 Maximum current verified<br \/>\u2610 Thermal dissipation checked<br \/>\u2610 Efficiency considered<br \/>\u2610 Datasheet layout followed<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Output<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u2610 Output voltage verified<br \/>\u2610 Output capacitor selected<br \/>\u2610 Load transient considered<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>PCB<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u2610 Power traces sized appropriately<br \/>\u2610 Ground return path reviewed<br \/>\u2610 Decoupling capacitors placed appropriately<br \/>\u2610 Switching loop minimized<br \/>\u2610 Sensitive circuits separated from noisy circuits<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3>Verification<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>\u2610 DRC passed<br \/>\u2610 3D clearance checked<br \/>\u2610 Manufacturing rules checked<br \/>\u2610 Prototype test plan prepared<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2>Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A reliable PCB begins with a reliable power architecture.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The most important lesson is:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>Don&#8217;t treat the power supply as just another part of the schematic.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Power affects everything downstream:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>Power \u2192 Reset \u2192 MCU \u2192 Digital Signals \u2192 Communication \u2192 System Reliability<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>A PCB can have a perfectly correct schematic and still fail because of poor power distribution, inadequate grounding, excessive voltage drop, thermal problems, or an unstable startup condition.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For this reason, power-supply design should be considered from the beginning of the PCB development process\u2014not after the layout is finished.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><!-- \/wp:separator --><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/powertechguide.com\/first-pcb-project-autodesk-fusion\/\">My First PCB Project with Autodesk Fusion: From Schematic to Manufacturing &#8211; PowerTechGuide<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/powertechguide.com\/kicad-vs-autodesk-fusion-pcb-design\/\">KiCad vs Autodesk Fusion: Which PCB Design Software Is Right for Your Project? &#8211; PowerTechGuide<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/powertechguide.com\/pcb-design-software-small-business-personal-projects\/\">PCB Design Software for Small Businesses and Personal Projects: KiCad, Autodesk Fusion, and More &#8211; PowerTechGuide<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A reliable PCB starts with a reliable power supply. Many electronic circuits may appear to work correctly during normal operation but become unstable when the power supply is poorly designed. Problems such as: MCU resets communication errors unstable digital signals unexpected shutdowns Flash programming failures excessive noise component overheating can all be related to power [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"postBodyCss":"","postBodyMargin":[],"postBodyPadding":[],"postBodyBackground":{"backgroundType":"classic","gradient":""},"page_builder":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[6,106],"tags":[39,37,27,29,36,40,38],"class_list":["post-103","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-electronics","category-read","tag-decoupling-capacitor","tag-ground-plane","tag-pcb-design","tag-pcb-layout","tag-power-electronics","tag-power-supply","tag-voltage-regulator"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A reliable PCB starts with a reliable power supply. 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